[175] According to the Muslim jurist al-Zuhri (d. 742), before his death in 639, Abu Ubayda appointed Khalid and Iyad ibn Ghanm as his successors,[176] but Umar confirmed only Iyad as governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district and appointed Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan governor over the rest of Syria, namely the districts of Damascus, Jordan and Palestine. This expedition is important because it marks the end of the military career of the legendary Arab Muslim general Khalid ibn Walid, who was dismissed from the army a few months after his return from the expedition. [53] Abu Bakr had dispatched Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Khalid's cousin Ikrima with an army to reinforce the Muslim governor in the Yamama, Musaylima's tribal kinsman Thumama ibn Uthal. [3] Their prominence was owed to the leadership of Khalid's paternal grandfather al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. [104] The Byzantine rout marked the destruction of their last effective army in Syria, immediately securing earlier Muslim gains in Palestine and Transjordan and paving the way for the recapture of Damascus[134] in December, this time by Abu Ubayda,[131] and the conquest of the Beqaa Valley and ultimately the rest of Syria to the north. [122][124] A sixth contingent positioned at Barzeh immediately north of Damascus repulsed relief troops dispatched by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. [166] The campaigns against Homs and Qinnasrin resulted in the conquest of northwestern Syria and prompted Heraclius to abandon his headquarters at Edessa for Samosata in Anatolia and ultimately to the imperial capital of Constantinople. Kennedy. [122][124], Several traditions relate the Muslims' capture of Damascus. Why khalid bin walid was dismissed? [134][135] The sizes of the forces are disputed by modern historians; Donner holds the Byzantines outnumbered the Muslims four to one,[136] Walter E. Kaegi writes the Byzantines "probably enjoyed numerical superiority" with 15,00020,000 or more troops,[134] and John Walter Jandora holds there was likely "near parity in numbers" between the two sides with the Muslims at 36,000 men (including 10,000 from Khalid's army) and the Byzantines at about 40,000. I have dismissed him because the people glorified him and were misled. Khalid was subsequently demoted and removed from the army's high command by Umar. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Khalid-ibn-al-Walid. [80], Khalid continued northward along the Euphrates valley, attacking Anbar on the east bank of the river, where he secured capitulation terms from its Sasanian commander. [33], Of the six main conflict zones in Arabia during the Ridda wars, two were centered in Najd (the central Arabian plateau): the rebellion of the Asad, Tayy and Ghatafan tribes under Tulayha and the rebellion of the Tamim tribe led by Sajah; both leaders claimed to be prophets. [198] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. [1], The following year Khalid commanded the right flank of the cavalry in the Meccan army which confronted Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud north of Medina. Military historians, including those at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, consider Khalid one of the great commanders of history. [182] During his 17th-century visit to the mausoleum, the Muslim scholar Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi agreed that Khalid was buried there but also noted an alternative Islamic tradition that the grave belonged to Mu'awiya's grandson Khalid ibn Yazid. Although Malik b. [189] Abd al-Rahman's son Khalid was a commander of a naval campaign against the Byzantines in 668 or 669. [112] Upon his accession, Umar may have confirmed Khalid as supreme commander. [123] Khalid and his men scaled the city's eastern walls and killed the guards and other defenders at Bab Sharqi. Q. Aku pernah menuntut ilmu di sekolah menengah atas kristen dago, kemudian aku melanjutkan kuliah . [141] As a result, the Byzantines were left vulnerable to attack by Muslim archers, their momentum was halted and their left flank exposed. The Byzantine armies were composed mainly of Christian Arab, Armenian, and other auxiliaries, however; and when many of these deserted the Byzantines, Khlid, reinforced from Medina and possibly from the Syrian Arab tribes, attacked and destroyed the remaining Byzantine forces along the ravines of the Yarmk valley (Aug. 20, 636). [39] His forces were drawn from the Muhajirun and the Ansar. Khalid ibn Walid Dismissed by Umar ibn Khattab of the War Commander The greatness of Khalid ibn Walid made many young people in Medina chant poems to praise his name. [161][162] There, Khalid spared the inhabitants following their appeal and claim that they were Arabs forcibly conscripted by the Byzantines. [1] After Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622, the Makhzum under Abu Jahl commanded the war against him until they were routed at the Battle of Badr in 624. Omissions? Most of these accounts hold that the caliph's order was prompted by requests for reinforcements by the Muslim commanders in Syria. [187] Following Abd al-Rahman's death in 666, allegedly as a result of poisoning ordered by Mu'awiya, Muhajir's son Khalid attempted to take revenge for his uncle's slaying and was arrested, but Mu'awiya later released him after Khalid paid the blood money. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [148] Muir, Becker, Stratos and Philip K. Hitti have proposed that Khalid was ultimately dismissed because the Muslim gains in Syria in the aftermath of Yarmouk required the replacement of a military commander at the helm with a capable administrator such as Abu Ubayda. [119][120] The Muslims pursued them and scored another major victory at the Battle of Fahl, though it is unclear if Amr or Khalid held overall command in the engagement. [162] He followed up by besieging the walled town of Qinnasrin,[163] which capitulated in August/September 638. [115] Bosra capitulated in late May 634, making it the first major city in Syria to fall to the Muslims. [43] His tribe, the Asad, subsequently submitted to Khalid, followed by the hitherto neutral Banu Amir, which had awaited the results of the conflict before giving its allegiance to either side. [47] The modern historian Wilferd Madelung discounts Sayf's version, asserting that Umar and other Muslims would not have protested Khalid's execution of Malik if the latter had left Islam,[48] while Watt considers accounts about the Tamim during the Ridda in general to be "obscure partly because the enemies of Khlid b. al-Wald have twisted the stories to blacken him". How many wars Khalid bin Waleed fought? [110] The historian Carole Hillenbrand calls him "the most famous of all Arab Muslim generals",[182] and Humphreys describes him as "perhaps the most famous and brilliant Arab general of the Riddah wars and the early conquests". [40] Athamina notes hints in the traditional sources that Khalid initiated the campaign unilaterally, implying that the return of the Muhajirun in Khalid's ranks to Medina following Musaylima's defeat likely represented their protest of Khalid's ambitions in Iraq. [65] According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). [27] The historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri calls their assessment "logical" and writes that "it seems impossible that Khlid could have made such a detour which would have taken him so far out of his way while delaying the accomplishment of his mission [to join the Muslim armies in Syria]". selama 30 tahun. [79] None of these tribes, all of which were branches of the Banu Bakr confederation, joined Khalid when he operated outside of their tribal areas. [6] Through his maternal relations Khalid became highly familiarized with the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) lifestyle. [165] Khalid made Qinnasrin his headquarters, settling there with his wife. legislazione scolastica riassunto pdf; segnaposto comunione da stampare; punto cist integratore; donna significato treccani; orario messe comelico superiore He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the Arab world. After the death of Muhammad, Khlid recaptured a number of provinces that were breaking away from Islam. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [130][d], Although the accounts cited by al-Waqidi (d. 823) and Ibn Ishaq agree that Damascus surrendered in August/September 635, they provide varying timelines of the siege ranging from four to fourteen months. [133][122], In the spring of 636, Khalid withdrew his forces from Damascus to the old Ghassanid capital at Jabiya in the Golan. 24 April 634,[106][115] a rare precise date cited by most traditional sources, which Donner deems to be likely correct. mclaren flint fenton family medicine. [151], Athamina doubts all the aforementioned reasons, arguing the cause "must have been vital" at a time when large parts of Syria remained under Byzantine control and Heraclius had not abandoned the province. Khalid bin Walid (ra) victories speak volumes of what he accomplished. Khalid is a brave warrior and our ardent supporter. [145], Jandora credits the Muslim victory at Yarmouk to the cohesion and "superior leadership" of the Muslim army, particularly the "ingenuity" of Khalid, in comparison to the widespread discord in the Byzantine army's ranks and the conventional tactics of Theodorus, which Khalid "correctly anticipated". [69] The details of the campaign's itinerary are inconsistent in the early Muslim sources, though Donner asserts that "the general course of Khalid's progress in the first part of his campaigning in Iraq can be quite clearly traced". Was it because of Jelousy? Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. [191][e], The family of the 12th-century Arab poet Ibn al-Qaysarani claimed descent from Muhajir ibn Khalid, though the 13th-century historian Ibn Khallikan notes the claim contradicted the consensus of Arabic historians and genealogists that Khalid's line of descent terminated in the early Islamic period. [54] According to the modern historian Meir Jacob Kister, it was likely the threat posed by this army which compelled Musaylima to forge an alliance with Sajah. [123] Each of the five Muslim commanders were charged with blocking one of the city gates; Khalid was stationed at Bab Sharqi (the East Gate). [140] He stationed an elite squadron of 200300 horsemen to support the center of his defensive line and left archers posted in the Muslims' camp near Dayr Ayyub, where they could be most effective against an incoming Byzantine force. One of the operations was against Dumat al-Jandal and the other against the Namir and Taghlib tribes present along the western banks of the upper Euphrates valley as far as the Balikh tributary and the Jabal al-Bishri mountains northeast of Palmyra. [27] In June 631 Khalid was sent by Muhammad at the head of 480 men to invite the mixed Christian and polytheistic Balharith tribe of Najran to embrace Islam. [87] Patricia Crone argues it is unlikely Khalid played any role on the Iraqi front, citing seeming contradictions by contemporary, non-Arabic sources,[88] namely the Armenian chronicle of Sebeos (c.661) and the Khuzistan Chronicle (c. What was the main cause of the Battle of Uhud? He later became a Muslim and spent the remainder of his career in service to Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs: Abu Bakr and Umar. [179][199], Since at least the 12th century, Khalid's tomb has been purported to be located in the present-day, The purported tomb of Khalid within the Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque, Conversion to Islam and service under Muhammad, Elimination of Musaylima and conquest of the Yamama, The time and place that Khalid gained the epithet, Abu Bakr had previously dispatched the bulk of the Muslim army, under, Most of the Muslim accounts are traced to the prominent 8th-century jurist of, The Muslim forces entered similar agreements with nearly all the cities they besieged in Syria, including, Following his conversion to Islam, Khalid was granted a plot of land by the Islamic prophet, Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi, 7th century in Lebanon aba who have visited Lebanon, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, "The Struggle against Musaylima and the Conquest of Yamama", "Seeing the Light: Enacting the Divine at Three Medieval Syrian Shrines", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_ibn_al-Walid&oldid=1136564853, Supreme commander of Muslim armies in Syria (634636), Field commander in northern Syria (636638), This page was last edited on 30 January 2023, at 23:53. In fact, Caliph Umar Al-Khattab did mention why he dismissed General Khalid Al-Walid from the army and his post. The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. To say Caliph Umar Al. [68], The focus of Khalid's offensive was the western banks of the Euphrates river and the nomadic Arabs who dwelt there. He was undefeated in 41 battles (100 if minor engagements are considered) against professional Persian and Roman armies. Khalid's military fame disturbed some of the pious early Muslims, most notably Umar, who feared it could develop into a personality cult. [103] In the Dumat al-JandalDamascus route, such placenames exist, namely the sites of Qulban Qurajir, associated with 'Quraqir', along the eastern edge of Wadi Sirhan, and Sab Biyar, which is identified with Suwa 150 kilometers (93mi) east of Damascus. [5], Khalid's mother was al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, commonly known as Lubaba al-Sughra ('Lubaba the Younger', to distinguish her from her elder half-sister Lubaba al-Kubra) of the nomadic Banu Hilal tribe. Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Arabic: ) was an Arab Muslim. [151] Among them were his independent decision-making and minimal coordination with the leadership in Medina; older allegations of moral misconduct, including his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and subsequent marriage to Malik's widow; accusations of generous distribution of booty to members of the tribal nobility to the detriment of eligible early Muslim converts; personal animosity between Khalid and Umar; and Umar's uneasiness over Khalid's heroic reputation among the Muslims, which he feared could develop into a personality cult. [49] In the view of the modern historian Ella Landau-Tasseron, "the truth behind Malik's career and death will remain buried under a heap of conflicting traditions". These engagements collectively precipitated the retreat of imperial Byzantine troops from Syria under Emperor Heraclius. Report an issue . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [50] Musaylima had laid claims to prophet-hood before Muhammad's emigration from Mecca, and his entreaties for Muhammad to mutually recognize his divine revelation were rejected by Muhammad. [73], During the engagements in and around al-Hira, Khalid received key assistance from al-Muthanna ibn Haritha and his Shayban tribe, who had been raiding this frontier for a considerable period before Khalid's arrival, though it is not clear if al-Muthanna's earlier activities were linked to the nascent Muslim state. [30] Opinion was split among the Muhajirun (lit. A breach of Muhammad's orders by the Muslim archers, who left their assigned posts to despoil the Meccan camp, allowed a surprise attack from the Meccan cavalry, led by Meccan war veteran Khalid ibn al-Walid, which brought chaos to the Muslim ranks. Khlid ibn al-Wald is not known in the West because our history is heavily Euro-centric and ignores much of what happened in the remainder of the world. [70], Al-Hira's capture was the most significant gain of Khalid's campaign. [77] After Khalid departed, he left al-Muthanna in practical control of al-Hira and its vicinity. These wise words of Prophet Muhammad [saw] were best proved in the case of our hero today, Khalid . [26], Later in 630, while Muhammad was at Tabuk, he dispatched Khalid to capture the oasis market town of Dumat al-Jandal. [39] Throughout the campaign, Khalid demonstrated considerable operational independence and did not stringently abide by the caliph's directives. [136] Khalid consequently withdrew, taking up position north of the Yarmouk River,[138] close to where the Ruqqad meets the Yarmouk. [140], The Byzantines pursued the Muslims into their camp, where the Muslims had their camel herds hobbled to form a series of defensive perimeters from which the infantry could fight and which Byzantine cavalries could not easily penetrate. In this episode you will the complete truth behind Why Did Caliph Umar Dismissed Khalid Al-Walid as General? [81] Ayn al-Tamr capitulated and Khalid captured the town of Sandawda to the north. [117][118], Khalid and the Muslim commanders headed west to Palestine to join Amr as the latter's subordinates in the Battle of Ajnadayn, the first major confrontation with the Byzantines, in July. Corrections? Early in 636 he withdrew south of the Yarmk River before a powerful Byzantine force that advanced from the north and from the coast of Palestine. [42] As a result of the victory at Buzakha, the Muslims gained control over most of Najd. [130] Imperial properties were confiscated by the Muslims. Abu Bakr said: "Do you want me to put the sword to sleep? After Medina's entreaties to the leading confederates, the Ghassanids, were rebuffed, relations were established with the Kalb, Judham and Lakhm. Khalid ibn Walid is essentially unknown outside of the Muslim world despit. [169], According to Sayf ibn Umar, later in 638 Khalid was rumored to have lavishly distributed war spoils from his northern Syrian campaigns, including a sum to the Kindite nobleman al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. [28], After Muhammad's death in June 632, one of his early and close companions, Abu Bakr, became caliph (leader of the Muslim community). why was khalid bin walid dismissed? [180] In Islamic literary narratives, Umar expresses remorse over dismissing Khalid and the women of Medina mourn his death en masse. "[98] He asserts it is "certain" Khalid embarked on the march, "a memorable feat of military endurance", and "his arrival in Syria was an important ingredient of the success of Muslim arms there". [37][b] Khalid was Abu Bakr's third nominee to lead the campaign after his first two choices, Zayd ibn al-Khattab and Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba, refused the assignment. Khlid ibn al-Wald, byname Sf, or Sayf, Allh (Arabic: "Sword of God"), (died 642), one of the two generals (with Amr ibn al-) of the enormously successful Islamic expansion under the Prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors, Ab Bakr and Umar. [27] Vaglieri surmises that the oasis was conquered by Iyad ibn Ghanm or possibly Amr ibn al-As as the latter had been previously tasked during the Ridda wars with suppressing Wadi'a, who had barricaded himself in Dumat al-Jandal. The same reality has been attested to by A.I. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [106] The commanders of the Muslim armies were Amr ibn al-As, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah,[107] though the last may have not deployed to Syria until after Umar's succession to the caliphate in the summer of 634, following Abu Bakr's death. [93], In the Dumat al-Jandal campaign, Khalid was instructed by Abu Bakr or requested by one of the commanders of the campaign, al-Walid ibn Uqba, to reinforce the lead commander Iyad ibn Ghanm's faltering siege of the oasis town. [72] By this stage, Khalid had subjugated the western areas of the lower Euphrates and the nomadic tribes, including the Namir, Taghlib, Iyad, Taymallat and most of the Ijl, as well as the settled Arab tribesmen, which resided there. [127], In the versions of the Syriac author Dionysius of Tel Mahre (d. 845) and the Melkite patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria (d. 940), the Damascenes led by Mansur, having become weary of the siege and convinced of the besiegers' determination, approached Khalid at Bab Sharqi with an offer to open the gate in return for assurances of safety. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. [17] Khalid is considered a war hero by Sunni Muslims, while many Shia Muslims view him as a war criminal for his execution of Malik ibn Nuwayra and immediate marriage of his widow, in contravention of the traditional Islamic bereavement period. What the Quran says about intoxicants? The Yarbu did not resist, proclaimed their Muslim faith and were escorted to Khalid's camp. [116] The trading center of Bosra, along with the Hauran region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [29] Khalid was a staunch supporter of Abu Bakr's succession. The issue of succession had caused discord among the Muslims. [157], Abu Ubayda and Khalid proceeded from Damascus northward to Homs (called Emesa by the Byzantines) and besieged the city probably in the winter of 636637. [93] According to Donner, Khalid undertook two further principal operations before embarking on his march to Syria, which have often been conflated by the sources with events that occurred during the march. [101] In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. [134] Jandora asserts that the Byzantines' Christian Arab and Armenian auxiliaries deserted or defected, but that the Byzantine force remained "formidable", consisting of a vanguard of heavy cavalry and a rear guard of infantrymen when they approached the Muslim defensive lines. [153] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. [123][126] The Muslim armies met up in the city center where capitulation terms were agreed. [17], According to the historian Richard Blackburn, despite attempts in the early sources to discredit Khalid, his reputation has developed as "Islam's most formidable warrior" during the eras of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and the conquest of Syria. [179] Muslim tradition since then has placed Khalid's tomb in the city. The latter, with the key intervention of the prominent Muhajirun, Umar ibn al-Khattab and Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, overrode the Ansar and acceded. [68] Madelung asserts Abu Bakr relied on the Qurayshite aristocracy during the Ridda wars and early Muslim conquests and speculates that the caliph dispatched Khalid to Iraq to allot the Makhzum an interest in that region. The fact that Khlid is a major hero in the historical traditions of Iraq certainly suggests ties there that can have come only from his early participation in its conquest". 575641). [59], In the fourth assault against the Hanifa, the Muhajirun under Khalid and the Ansar under Thabit killed a lieutenant of Musaylima, who subsequently fled with part of his army. [139] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. [78] He received similar assistance from the Sadus clan of the Dhuhl tribe under Qutba ibn Qatada and the Ijl tribe under al-Madh'ur ibn Adi during the engagements at Ubulla and Walaja. [179] The building was altered by the first Ayyubid sultan Saladin (r.11711193) and again in the 13th century. [110], Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria. After Muhammad's death, Khalid was appointed to Najd and al-Yamama with the purpose of suppressing or subjugating Arab tribes who were opposed to the nascent Muslim state; this campaign culminated in Khalid's victory over Arab rebel leaders Tulayha and Musaylima at the Battle of Buzakha in 632 and the Battle of Yamama in 633, respectively. [149] The caliph appointed Abu Ubayda to Khalid's place, reassigned his troops to the remaining Muslim commanders and subordinated Khalid under the command of one of Abu Ubayda's lieutenants; a later order deployed the bulk of Khalid's former troops to Iraq. He was reassigned by Abu Bakr to command the Muslim armies in Syria and he led his men there on an unconventional march across a long, waterless stretch of the Syrian Desert, boosting his reputation as a military strategist. [121], The remnants of the Byzantine forces from Ajnadayn and Fahl retreated north to Damascus, where the Byzantine commanders called for imperial reinforcements. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. [42] When Tulayha appeared close to defeat, the Fazara section of the Ghatafan under their chief Uyayna ibn Hisn deserted the field, compelling Tulayha to flee for Syria. Khalid was also among those who ran away in the battle of Hunayn. How old was Khalid ibn Walid when he died? [92], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. [140] He followed up with a nighttime operation in which he seized the Ruqqad bridge, the only viable withdrawal route for the Byzantines. Khalid ibn AI-Waleed [ranhu] "The Sword of Allah" (d. 21 A.H.) It is reported that Prophet Muhammad [saw] said, 'The better ones of you in the Days of Ignorance are the better ones of you in Islam when they understand ( the religion ).". He is generally considered by historians to be one of the most seasoned and accomplished generals of the early Islamic era, and he is likewise commemorated throughout the Arab world. [1] Al-Walid is identified by the historians Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Durayd (d. 837) and Ibn Habib (d. 859) as the "derider" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad mentioned in the Meccan suras (chapters) of the Qur'an. He attended the battle of Mu'ta and the Conquest of Mecca. [144], The Byzantine cavalry, meanwhile, had withdrawn north to the area between the Ruqqad and Allan tributaries. He is a grandson of King Saud of Saudi Arabia on his mother's side and he is a great-grandson of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on both his . [60] The treaty was further consecrated by Khalid's marriage to Mujja'a's daughter. [9] He advanced through the Wadi Qanat valley west of Uhud until being checked by Muslim archers south of the valley at Mount Ruma. [140] The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat. [41], Khalid bested the AsadGhatafan forces in battle. [111] A single account in al-Baladhuri instead attributes Khalid's appointment to a consensus among the commanders already in Syria, though Athamina asserts "it is inconceivable that a man like [Amr ibn al-As] would agree" to such a decision voluntarily. [134][142][143] Khalid enveloped the opposing heavy cavalry on either side, but intentionally left an opening from which the Byzantines could only escape northward, far from their infantry. [173], Khalid's sacking did not elicit public backlash, possibly due to existing awareness in the Muslim polity of Umar's enmity toward Khalid, which prepared the public for his dismissal, or because of existing hostility toward the Makhzum in general as a result of their earlier opposition to Muhammad and the early Muslims. May 23, 2021 . In 627 or 629, he converted to Islam in the presence of Muhammad, who inducted him as an official military commander among the Muslims and gave him the title of Sayf Allah (lit. [186] Their son Abd al-Rahman became a reputable commander in the ArabByzantine wars and a close aide of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria and later founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving as the latter's deputy governor of the HomsQinnasrinJazira district.